I have a Finance BS from a very good Finance program, and I still scratch my head a bit at it, not because I don't understand it, but why in the F do we have the Central Bank in the first place. Its a horrible idea, especially coupled with not tying the currency to a precious metal.
You've done a good job, so far of explaning it all. If I have more time, I'll come back and try to explain in further detail.
Basically, to create currency, our dollar, we GO INTO DEBT, by issuing bonds. Then the US has to pay the Federal Reserve large amounts of money in interest on that debt, and then the Federal Reserve gets to use that money however they want, until the end of the year, when they pay 99% or so of it back, and that number is still huge amount, 1%. The Federal Reserve is a FOR PROFIT private bank, made up of member banks. Remember that. I consider it to not be a good thing for us and our country, especially when Nixon finally completely took us off the gold standard, and we are now a 100 percent fiat currency, that can be inflated beyond our imaginations. Also, look into all the Quantativive Easing, where nobody wants to buy our debt anymore, so the FED has to buy the bonds back, because nobody wants them. Its pure inflation, like main-lining inflation. Now Bernanke has called an endless QE on mortagage debt, so now the sky is the limit. This new QE5 or whatever, is limitless, and now so is the inflation of the dollar when the economy starts to heat back up. They will have to raise the FED rate to cool down the inflation, which means much higher interest rates at some point in our future. 22% interest rate on your mortgage, like back under Carter will seem like a dream compared to what they will have to do to cool inflation. It will not be pretty. Its coming fellas.